Nginx是一个很牛逼的web server 服务器。与传统服务器不同，Nginx 不依赖线程来处理请求。 相反，它使用更具可扩展性的事件驱动（异步）架构。 Nginx 为多个高流量网站提供支持，例如 WordPress、Hulu、Github 和 SourceForge。
一、打开SELinux（设置正确的 SE Linux 布尔值加强安全），这个最安全，最变态，以至于可能会对你的开发调试带来麻烦，适用于不怕麻烦的高级运维安全人员。使用下面的命令：
getsebool -a | less
getsebool -a | grep off
getsebool -a | grep on请查看设置为“on”的设置，如果它们不适用于你的设置，请借助setsebool命令将其更改为“off”。
二、挂载磁盘的目录权限最小化（noexec, nodev ， nosetuid）
挂载的目录文件在/etc/fstab这个里面配置，要设置成这样：
LABEL=/nginx /nginx ext3 defaults,nosuid,noexec,nodev 1 2三、加强/etc/sysctl.conf内核参数的安全控制，以下是一个标准安全的例子，你可以直接用：
# Avoid a smurf attack
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
# Turn on protection for bad icmp error messages
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
# Turn on syncookies for SYN flood attack protection
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
# Turn on and log spoofed, source routed, and redirect packets
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1
# No source routed packets here
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
# Turn on reverse path filtering
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
# Make sure no one can alter the routing tables
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0
# Don't act as a router
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
# Turn on execshild
kernel.exec-shield = 1
kernel.randomize_va_space = 1
# Tuen IPv6
net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses = 1
# Optimization for port usefor LBs
# Increase system file descriptor limit
fs.file-max = 65535
# Allow for more PIDs (to reduce rollover problems); may break some programs 32768
kernel.pid_max = 65536
# Increase system IP port limits
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 2000 65000
# Increase TCP max buffer size setable using setsockopt()
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 87380 8388608
# Increase Linux auto tuning TCP buffer limits
# min, default, and max number of bytes to use
# set max to at least 4MB, or higher if you use very high BDP paths
# Tcp Windows etc
net.core.rmem_max = 8388608
net.core.wmem_max = 8388608
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 5000
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1四、去掉不需要的nginx 模块，比如，去掉ssi这个模块：
./configure --without-http_autoindex_module --without-http_ssi_module
make
make install五、安装编译nginx的时候，去掉nginx的版本信息
编辑 src/http/ngx_http_header_filter_module.c
vi +48 src/http/ngx_http_header_filter_module.c找到下面两行：
static char ngx_http_server_string[] = "Server: nginx" CRLF;
static char ngx_http_server_full_string[] = "Server: " NGINX_VER CRLF;替换为：
static char ngx_http_server_string[] = "Server: Ninja Web Server" CRLF;
static char ngx_http_server_full_string[] = "Server: Ninja Web Server" CRLF;然后继续编译安装就可以了。
另外，可以在nginx配置文件中加入 server_tokens off 比如下面的例子：
http {
## Basic Settings ##
charset utf-8;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
log_not_found off;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
client_max_body_size 16M;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
## Hide Nginx version ##
server_tokens off;
## Security headers for Nginx ##
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15768000" always;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
add_header X-Xss-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
add_header Referrer-Policy strict-origin-when-cross-origin;
add_header Feature-policy "accelerometer 'none'; camera 'none'; geolocation 'none'; gyroscope 'none'; magnetometer 'none'; microphone 'none'; payment 'none'; usb 'none'";
add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self' http: https: data: blob: 'unsafe-inline'" always;
## SSL Settings ##
ssl_protocols TLSv1.3;
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
## Virtual Host Configs ##
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}六、在操作系统上安装mod_security来加强安全
yum install mod_security，这个以后慢慢展开讲解。
七、安装自带selinux功能的nginx
yum -y install selinux-policy-targeted selinux-policy-devel
cd /opt
wget 'http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/selinuxnginx/se-ngix_1_0_10.tar.gz?use_mirror=nchc'
tar -zxvf se-ngix_1_0_10.tar.gz
cd se-ngix_1_0_10/nginx
make
输出：
Compiling targeted nginx module
/usr/bin/checkmodule: loading policy configuration from tmp/nginx.tmp
/usr/bin/checkmodule: policy configuration loaded
/usr/bin/checkmodule: writing binary representation (version 6) to tmp/nginx.mod
Creating targeted nginx.pp policy package
rm tmp/nginx.mod.fc tmp/nginx.mod
/usr/sbin/semodule -i nginx.pp八、利用iptables防火墙，下面是一个例子：
规则（进来的80，可以ping，出去只允许123和25）
Incoming HTTP (TCP port 80) requests
Incoming ICMP ping requests
Outgoing ntp (port 123) requests
Outgoing smtp (TCP port 25) requests
#!/bin/bash
IPT="/sbin/iptables"
#### IPS ######
# Get server public ip
SERVER_IP=$(ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr:' | awk -F'inet addr:' '{ print $2}' | awk '{ print $1}')
LB1_IP="204.54.1.1"
LB2_IP="204.54.1.2"
# Do some smart logic so that we can use damm script on LB2 too
OTHER_LB=""
SERVER_IP=""
[[ "$SERVER_IP" == "$LB1_IP" ]] && OTHER_LB="$LB2_IP" || OTHER_LB="$LB1_IP"
[[ "$OTHER_LB" == "$LB2_IP" ]] && OPP_LB="$LB1_IP" || OPP_LB="$LB2_IP"
### IPs ###
PUB_SSH_ONLY="122.xx.yy.zz/29"
#### FILES #####
BLOCKED_IP_TDB=/root/.fw/blocked.ip.txt
SPOOFIP="127.0.0.0/8 192.168.0.0/16 172.16.0.0/12 10.0.0.0/8 169.254.0.0/16 0.0.0.0/8 240.0.0.0/4 255.255.255.255/32 168.254.0.0/16 224.0.0.0/4 240.0.0.0/5 248.0.0.0/5 192.0.2.0/24"
BADIPS=$( [[ -f ${BLOCKED_IP_TDB} ]] && grep -E -v "^#|^$" ${BLOCKED_IP_TDB})
### Interfaces ###
PUB_IF="eth0" # public interface
LO_IF="lo" # loopback
VPN_IF="eth1" # vpn / private net
### start firewall ###
echo "Setting LB1 $(hostname) Firewall..."
# DROP and close everything
$IPT -P INPUT DROP
$IPT -P OUTPUT DROP
$IPT -P FORWARD DROP
# Unlimited lo access
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${LO_IF} -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${LO_IF} -j ACCEPT
# Unlimited vpn / pnet access
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${VPN_IF} -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${VPN_IF} -j ACCEPT
# Drop sync
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp ! --syn -m state --state NEW -j DROP
# Drop Fragments
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -f -j DROP
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL FIN,URG,PSH -j DROP
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL ALL -j DROP
# Drop NULL packets
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " NULL Packets "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -j DROP
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN,RST -j DROP
# Drop XMAS
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN SYN,FIN -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " XMAS Packets "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN SYN,FIN -j DROP
# Drop FIN packet scans
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,ACK FIN -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " Fin Packets Scan "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,ACK FIN -j DROP
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL SYN,RST,ACK,FIN,URG -j DROP
# Log and get rid of broadcast / multicast and invalid
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type broadcast -j LOG --log-prefix " Broadcast "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type broadcast -j DROP
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type multicast -j LOG --log-prefix " Multicast "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type multicast -j DROP
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m state --state INVALID -j LOG --log-prefix " Invalid "
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
# Log and block spoofed ips
$IPT -N spooflist
for ipblock in $SPOOFIP
do
$IPT -A spooflist -i ${PUB_IF} -s $ipblock -j LOG --log-prefix " SPOOF List Block "
$IPT -A spooflist -i ${PUB_IF} -s $ipblock -j DROP
done
$IPT -I INPUT -j spooflist
$IPT -I OUTPUT -j spooflist
$IPT -I FORWARD -j spooflist
# Allow ssh only from selected public ips
for ip in ${PUB_SSH_ONLY}
do
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -s ${ip} -p tcp -d ${SERVER_IP} --destination-port 22 -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -d ${ip} -p tcp -s ${SERVER_IP} --sport 22 -j ACCEPT
done
# allow incoming ICMP ping pong stuff
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -s 0/0 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -m limit --limit 30/sec -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p icmp --icmp-type 0 -d 0/0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
# allow incoming HTTP port 80
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp -s 0/0 --sport 1024:65535 --dport 80 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --sport 80 -d 0/0 --dport 1024:65535 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# allow outgoing ntp
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p udp --dport 123 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p udp --sport 123 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# allow outgoing smtp
$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --dport 25 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --sport 25 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
### add your other rules here ####
#######################
# drop and log everything else
$IPT -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " DEFAULT DROP "
$IPT -A INPUT -j DROP
exit 0九、控制缓冲区溢出攻击的方法：
所有客户端的buffer size做限制，vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
## Start: Size Limits & Buffer Overflows ##
client_body_buffer_size 1K;
client_header_buffer_size 1k;
client_max_body_size 1k;
large_client_header_buffers 2 1k;
## END: Size Limits & Buffer Overflows ##要配合超时时间来提高性能：
## Start: Timeouts ##
client_body_timeout 10;
client_header_timeout 10;
keepalive_timeout 5 5;
send_timeout 10;
## End: Timeouts ##十、限制每一个客户端IP的并发连接：
### Directive describes the zone, in which the session states are stored i.e. store in slimits. ###
### 1m can handle 32000 sessions with 32 bytes/session, set to 5m x 32000 session ###
limit_zone slimits $binary_remote_addr 5m;
### Control maximum number of simultaneous connections for one session i.e. ###
### restricts the amount of connections from a single ip address ###
limit_conn slimits 5;
下面是有经验人士的配置：
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=ratezone:20m rate=16r/s;
limit_req zone=ratezone burst=160 nodelay;十一、只允许通过域名访问
## Only requests to our Host are allowed i.e. nixcraft.in, images.nixcraft.in and www.nixcraft.in
if ($host !~ ^(moneyslow.com|www.moneyslow.com|images.moneyslow.com)$ ) {
return 444;
}
##十二、限制http的调用方法，只允许GET|HEAD|POST酒可以了。
## Only allow these request methods ##
if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$ ) {
return 444;
}
## Do not accept DELETE, SEARCH and other methods ##十三、限制爬虫
## Block download agents ##
if ($http_user_agent ~* LWP::Simple|BBBike|wget) {
return 403;
}
##
## Block some robots ##
if ($http_user_agent ~* msnbot|scrapbot) {
return 403;
}十四、排除垃圾Referral
## Deny certain Referers ###
if ( $http_referer ~* (babes|forsale|girl|jewelry|love|nudit|organic|poker|porn|sex|teen) )
{
# return 404;
return 403;
}
##十五、图片别被其他域名盗用
# Stop deep linking or hot linking
location /images/ {
valid_referers none blocked www.moneyslow.com moneyslow.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
return 403;
}
}
反击一下，图片跳到你准备好的图片
valid_referers blocked www.example.com example.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
rewrite ^/images/uploads.*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png)$ http://www.examples.com/banned.jpg last
}十六、目录可以控制哪些ip可以访问
location /docs/ {
## block one workstation
deny 192.168.1.1;
## allow anyone in 192.168.1.0/24
allow 192.168.1.0/24;
## drop rest of the world
deny all;
}十七、目录可以加密码来访问
执行命令：
# mkdir /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/
# htpasswd -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/passwd vivek
在nginx。conf配置文件中添加：
### Password Protect /personal-images/ and /delta/ directories ###
location ~ /(personal-images/.*|delta/.*) {
auth_basic "Restricted";
auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/passwd;
}
添加用户的命令：
htpasswd -s /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/passwd userName十八、如果nginx有php，下面的php。ini 的例子是参考：
# Disallow dangerous functions
disable_functions = phpinfo, system, mail, exec
## Try to limit resources ##
# Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds
max_execution_time = 30
# Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data
max_input_time = 60
# Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (8MB)
memory_limit = 8M
# Maximum size of POST data that PHP will accept.
post_max_size = 8M
# Whether to allow HTTP file uploads.
file_uploads = Off
# Maximum allowed size for uploaded files.
upload_max_filesize = 2M
# Do not expose PHP error messages to external users
display_errors = Off
# Turn on safe mode
safe_mode = On
# Only allow access to executables in isolated directory
safe_mode_exec_dir = php-required-executables-path
# Limit external access to PHP environment
safe_mode_allowed_env_vars = PHP_
# Restrict PHP information leakage
expose_php = Off
# Log all errors
log_errors = On
# Do not register globals for input data
register_globals = Off
# Minimize allowable PHP post size
post_max_size = 1K
# Ensure PHP redirects appropriately
cgi.force_redirect = 0
# Disallow uploading unless necessary
file_uploads = Off
# Enable SQL safe mode
sql.safe_mode = On
# Avoid Opening remote files
allow_url_fopen = Off十九、通过Iptables来对来访客户端Ip进行限速，例如，访问80端口，在60秒内，最多只能建立15个连接：
（注意：确认有人不认为通过iptables来限制客户端是个好主意，可能直接使用第十条的nginx本身的配置更好）
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 15 -j DROP
service iptables save二十、备份文件不要放到网站可以访问到的地方地址：
# find /nginx -name '.?*' -not -name .ht* -or -name '*~' -or -name '*.bak*' -or -name '*.old*'
# find /usr/local/nginx/html/ -name '.?*' -not -name .ht* -or -name '*~' -or -name '*.bak*' -or -name '*.old*'二十一、只允许固定用户外发连接，不让nginx主动外发请求，例如下面例子，只允许操作系统用户ubuntu进行外发，其他一律禁止：
/sbin/iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -m owner --uid-owner ubuntu -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT二十二、在nginx.conf配置文件里加更多 的安全配置
#避免clickjacking
add_header X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN;
#禁止内容类型嗅探：
Disable content-type sniffing on some browsers
# Cross-site scripting (XSS) 过滤
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block";二十三、关心一下你的日志吧：
# grep "/login.php??" /usr/local/nginx/logs/access_log
# grep "...etc/passwd" /usr/local/nginx/logs/access_log
# grep -E -i "denied|error|warn" /usr/local/nginx/logs/error_log