{"id":2549,"date":"2023-03-19T15:51:30","date_gmt":"2023-03-19T10:21:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/?p=2549"},"modified":"2023-03-22T17:14:23","modified_gmt":"2023-03-22T11:44:23","slug":"how-to-create-fstab-entry-in-linux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/how-to-create-fstab-entry-in-linux\/","title":{"rendered":"How to create fstab entry in Linux"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The fstab is used to mount drives during the boot. Basically, it is represented by the file <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>. The <code>mount<\/code> and <code>unmount<\/code> commands also read this to mount\/unmount drives with specific options. In this article, I will explain how it works, and its fields. I will also help you to create a mount entry for your new disk drive, NTFS drives, virtual hard disk, swapfile, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each Linux distribution creates <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> file during its installation. It might look like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># &lt;file system&gt; &lt;dir&gt; &lt;type&gt; &lt;options&gt; &lt;dump&gt; &lt;pass&gt;\n\n# \/dev\/nvme0n1p5\nUUID=fc986af0-b252-4c73-a921-a7cb75eb4c5f    \/           ext4        rw,lazytime,strictatime 0 1\n\n# \/dev\/nvme0n1p1\nUUID=B2E8-9A01          \/boot\/EFI   vfat        rw,relatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=ascii,shortname=mixed,utf8,errors=remount-ro   0 2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table of Contents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#a_word_of_advice\">A word of advice<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#explanation_of_the_fields_in_fstab_in_linux\">Explanation of the fields in fstab in Linux<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#first_field_in_the_fstab\">The first field in the fstab<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#second_field_in_the_fstab\">The second field in the fstab<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#third_field_in_the_fstab\">The third field in the fstab<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#fourth_field_in_the_fstab_in_linux\">The fourth field in the fstab in linux (fstab options)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#fifth_field_in_the_fstab_in_linux\">The fifth field in the fstab in linux<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#sixth_field_in_the_fstab\">The sixth field in the fstab<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#examples_of_fstab_entry\">Examples of the fstab entry<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a_word_of_advice\">A word of advice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Before editing the <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code> file, make a copy of the file. And also <a href=\"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/how-to-install-arch-linux-and-support-graphics\/#1-2-create-bootable-drive-using-gui-utilities\">create a live boot media<\/a>. You might modify the file in such a way that your computer might not boot up. In that case, boot into this live environment and replace the fstab file using this backup copy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"explanation_of_the_fields_in_fstab_in_linux\">Explanation of the fields in fstab in Linux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Comments start with <code>#<\/code>. Each entry in fstab consists of 6 fields.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"first_field_in_the_fstab\">The first field in the fstab<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The first field (in the above example, <code>UUID=B2E8-9A01<\/code>) corresponds to the file system &#8211; the partition of your disk. You can use UUID, LABEL, or PARTUUID (for GPT). To find your device, use the command <code>lsblk<\/code> and look into the directory <code>\/dev\/disk\/by-uuid\/<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\u276f lsblk --paths\nNAME             MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS\n\/dev\/loop0         7:0    0    56G  0 loop \/mnt\/VHD\n\/dev\/nvme1n1     259:0    0 931.5G  0 disk \n\u251c\u2500\/dev\/nvme1n1p1 259:1    0    16M  0 part \n\u2514\u2500\/dev\/nvme1n1p2 259:2    0 931.5G  0 part<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>$ ls -al '\/dev\/disk\/by-uuid' \ntotal 0\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 160 Mar 16 18:42 .\ndrwxr-xr-x 9 root root 180 Mar 16 18:41 ..\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  15 Mar 16 18:42 00E8EAD5E8EAC7CC -&gt; ..\/..\/nvme0n1p3\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  11 Mar 16 18:42 5627befe-b7a4-48c7-ae19-a71689a67d7e -&gt; ..\/..\/loop0\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  15 Mar 16 18:42 B2E8-9A01 -&gt; ..\/..\/nvme0n1p1\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  15 Mar 16 18:42 E4CA6C29CA6BF5E8 -&gt; ..\/..\/nvme1n1p2\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  15 Mar 16 18:42 EAD2EB39D2EB08A1 -&gt; ..\/..\/nvme0n1p4\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  15 Mar 16 18:42 fc986af0-b252-4c73-a921-a7cb75eb4c5f -&gt; ..\/..\/nvme0n1p5<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, use <code>UUID=&lt;your_uuid&gt;<\/code> as your first field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly, you can use <code>PARTUUID=&lt;your_partition_uuid&gt;<\/code> to use the partition UUID. To find the partition UUID, look into the directory <code>\/dev\/disk\/by-partuuid<\/code>. Please note that PARTUUID is supported only for the system with GPT (GUID Partition Table). But you don&#8217;t have to worry about it if your computer is new because most modern systems use it. The old systems rely on MBR instead of GPT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"second_field_in_the_fstab\">The second field in the fstab<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The second field decides the mount point of the drive. It is the directory where your partition will be mounted. Use full folder name instead<br>of <code>$HOME<\/code> or <code>~<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"third_field_in_the_fstab\">The third field in the fstab<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>You use this field to tell about the file system type. It can be <code>ext4<\/code>, <code>vfat<\/code>, <code>ntfs<\/code>, etc. which you used during formatting your partition. Use <code>auto<\/code> in case you don&#8217;t know about it. In that case, fstab will try to find the file system type from the drive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fourth_field_in_the_fstab_in_linux\">The fourth field in the fstab in linux (fstab &#8216;options&#8217;)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a very important field since it decides all the options used to mount the drive. These options are those options you use with the <code>--option<\/code> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/how-to-mount-a-drive-in-linux\/\">mount command<\/a>. Put all the options separated by a comma. Here, I will describe a few important options. To know more, look at the man pages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The option <code>auto<\/code> in the fourth field means the device will be mounted automatically during boot time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The option <code>exec<\/code> will give the execution permission on the binaries while <code>noexec<\/code> will prevent such execution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>umask<\/code>, <code>fmask<\/code> and <code>dmask<\/code> define permissions on files and directories. The option <code>dmask=0000<\/code> means all directories will have r,w, and x permissions. Not mentioning them means <code>fmask<\/code> and <code>dmask<\/code> take the value of <code>umask<\/code> and if you do not mention <code>umask<\/code>, it becomes <code>000<\/code> by default. But please note that these permissions don&#8217;t work as intended in the NTFS file system. The <code>noexec<\/code> option in fstab does not work with NTFS; hence you have to use <code>dmask=0000,fmask=0111<\/code> to have <code>exec<\/code> permission on directories but not on files.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The option <code>rw<\/code> means that the files in the drive will have read and write permissions. Use <code>ro<\/code> for read-only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use <code>user<\/code> to permit any user to mount the drive. Use <code>nouser<\/code> to permit only the root user to mount the drive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>option <code>defaults<\/code> is the most widely used option<\/strong>. It is basically <code>rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The option <strong><code>nofail<\/code> is very important<\/strong>. If you use this option, the systemd will start the computer even if the drive has been plugged out. Otherwise, your computer will not boot up if the drive is not found. You can supply the option <code>x-systemd.device-timeout=1ms<\/code> with this option to tell the systemd to check for this amount of time. When <code>nofail<\/code> option is set, the systemd checks for a drive for 90 seconds (by default). And if the drive is not found for this much time, the computer ignores the drive and boots up. The given option makes it 1ms \u2192 faster bootup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can also use <code>atime<\/code> related options (ex &#8211; <code>relatime<\/code>, <code>lazytime<\/code>, <code>noatime<\/code>, <code>strictatime<\/code>, etc.) If you don&#8217;t set it, the system assumes <code>relatime<\/code> by default. To know about them look at my article on <a href=\"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/relatime-atime-noatime-strictatime-lazytime\/\">*atime<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fifth_field_in_the_fstab_in_linux\">The fifth field in the fstab in linux<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Use it to decide whether the backup utility dump will backup the file system. Use 0 to ignore it and 1 to allow it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sixth_field_in_the_fstab\">The sixth field in the fstab<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The last field can have a value of 1 or 2. Generally, 1 is given to the root device and all other devices are given 2 (1 means top priority while checking the device).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To know more about fields look into the man page <code>man 5 fstab<\/code> and <a href=\"https:\/\/help.ubuntu.com\/community\/Fstab\">Ubuntu&#8217;s article on fstab<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"examples_of_fstab_entry\">Examples of the fstab entry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Example 1: <a href=\"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/how-to-create-and-use-virtual-hard-disk-in-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Virtual Hard Disk (VHD)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/mnt\/crucial\/linux_backup.img    \/mnt\/VHD    ext4    defaults,nofail 0   0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Example 2: <a href=\"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/what-is-swap-memory-in-linux-and-how-to-manage-it\/\">swapfile<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/mnt\/crucial\/swapfile none swap defaults,nofail 0 0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Example 3: NTFS drive<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>UUID=E4CA6C29CA6BF5E8    \/mnt\/crucial    ntfs    users,rw,async,auto,dmask=0000,fmask=0111,nofail    0   2<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Example 4: my <a href=\"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/how-to-install-arch-linux-and-support-graphics\/\">Arch Linux installation<\/a> partition created the following entry for the root <code>\/<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>UUID=fc986af0-b252-4c73-a921-a7cb75eb4c5f    \/           ext4        defaults    0 1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Example 5: I modified the above entry for the <code>\/<\/code> to include <code>strictatime<\/code> and <code>lazytime<\/code> options as well:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>UUID=fc986af0-b252-4c73-a921-a7cb75eb4c5f    \/           ext4        rw,lazytime,strictatime 0 1<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>That&#8217;s all folks. Thanks. If you want to know more, read the man pages (<code>man 8 mount<\/code>, and <code>man 5 fstab<\/code>). If you have any queries\/suggestions, use the comment section given below.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here, I will talk how \/etc\/fstab works, its fields, how to create a fstab entry for new drives, ntfs drive, virtual hard disk, swapfile, etc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2555,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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