{"id":2017,"date":"2022-05-04T20:46:22","date_gmt":"2022-05-04T15:16:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/?p=2017"},"modified":"2023-09-10T08:39:38","modified_gmt":"2023-09-10T03:09:38","slug":"xmodmap-remap-any-key-using-xmodmap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/xmodmap-remap-any-key-using-xmodmap\/","title":{"rendered":"Xmodmap: Remap any key using xmodmap"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Xmodmap is a handy tool to remap any key on your keyboard especially Control, Escape, and, Capslock. These keys are either placed in an unwanted position causing pain in the hand or not being used at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table of contents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#installation_of_xmodmap\">Installation of xmodmap<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#configuration_files_and_autostart_at_system_startup\">Configuration files and auto-start at system startup<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#modifier_keys\">Modifier keys<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#understanding_using_examples\">Understanding using examples<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#example_1_interchange_backspace_and_semicolon\">Example 1: Interchange BackSpace and semicolon<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#example_2_interchange_delete_and_apostrophe\">Example 2: Interchange Delete and apostrophe<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#example_3_interchange_slash_and_up\">Example 3: Interchange slash and up<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#example_4_interchange_left_and_alt_r\">Example 4: Interchange Left and Alt_R<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#example_5_interchange_super_r_and_down\">Example 5: Interchange Super_R and Down<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#example_6_interchange_right_and_menu\">Example 6: Interchange Right and Menu<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#example_7_interchange_altgr_and_menu_useful_for_thinkpad_laptops\">Example 7: Interchange AltGr and Menu (useful for Thinkpad laptops)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#example_8_interchange_control_r_and_super_r\">Example 8: Interchange Control_R and Super_R<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"installation_of_xmodmap\">Installation of xmodmap<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Debian<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>apt-get install x11-xserver-utils<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Ubuntu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>apt-get install x11-xserver-utils<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Arch Linux<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>pacman -S xorg-xmodmap<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Kali Linux<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>apt-get install x11-xserver-utils<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>CentOS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>yum install xorg-xmodmap<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Fedora<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>dnf install xorg-xmodmap<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Raspbian<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>apt-get install x11-xserver-utils<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"configuration_files_and_autostart_at_system_startup\">Configuration files and auto-start at system startup<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The file <code>~\/.xmodmap<\/code> is automatically sourced and executed by Display Managers such as GDM, XDM, and LightDM. For file positions other than that such as <code>~\/.config\/X11\/xmodmap<\/code>, you need to put the following command in your file <code>~\/.xprofile<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>xmodmap ~\/.config\/X11\/xmodmap<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>To uncomment lines in this file, prepend them with an exclamation mark (<code>!<\/code>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"modifier_keys\">Modifier keys<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The modifier keys are Shift, Super, CapsLock, etc. The list can be obtained using command <code>xmodmap -pm<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"874\" height=\"293\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/smarttech101.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/xmodmap_to_print_modifier_keys.png?resize=874%2C293&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"xmodmap printing modifier keys\" class=\"wp-image-3154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/smarttech101.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/xmodmap_to_print_modifier_keys.png?w=874&amp;ssl=1 874w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/smarttech101.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/xmodmap_to_print_modifier_keys.png?resize=768%2C257&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure: xmodmap printing modifier keys<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>If you need to interfere with modifier keys, use <code>clear<\/code> and <code>add<\/code> command as given below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>clear lock\nkeycode 9 = Caps_Lock \nkeycode 66 = Escape\nadd lock = Caps_Lock<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>The above example interchanges Caps_Lock with Escape. The <code>keycodes<\/code> (which are the numbers in the above output &#8211; 9 and 66) and <code>keysyms<\/code> (which in the above examples are <code>Caps_Lock<\/code> and <code>Escape<\/code>) can be obtained using <code>xmodmap -pke<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>&#91;ajay@lenovo ~]$ xmodmap -pke\n\u2026\nkeycode  24 = q Q q Q\nkeycode  25 = w W w W\nkeycode  26 = e E e E\nkeycode  27 = r R r R\n\u2026<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>The above output looks more like a table. The second column after the equal (<code>=<\/code>) sign gets activated when we press the key Shift with the given keys. The keycodes are unique to our keys and they cannot be changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note<\/strong>: Your output of the commands <code>xmodmap -pke<\/code> and <code>xmodmap -pm<\/code> might be slightly different than what is shown above depending upon your keyboard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"understanding_using_examples\">Understanding using examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"example_1_interchange_backspace_and_semicolon\">Example 1: Interchange BackSpace and semicolon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Xmodmap output when there is no remapping:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>&#91;ajay@lenovo ~]$ xmodmap -pke | grep -Ei 'backspace|semicolon'\nkeycode  22 = BackSpace BackSpace BackSpace BackSpace\nkeycode  47 = semicolon colon semicolon colon<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>To interchange these keys, put the following two lines in your <code>~\/.xmodmap<\/code> file:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>keycode 47 = BackSpace colon semicolon colon\nkeycode 22 = semicolon semicolon semicolon semicolon<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"example_2_interchange_delete_and_apostrophe\">Example 2: Interchange Delete and apostrophe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Xmodmap output when there is no remapping:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>&#91;ajay@lenovo ~]$ xmodmap -pke | grep -Ei 'delete|apostrophe'\nkeycode  48 = apostrophe quotedbl apostrophe quotedbl\nkeycode  91 = KP_Delete KP_Decimal KP_Delete KP_Decimal\nkeycode 119 = Delete NoSymbol Delete<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Use the following mapping for your file <code>~\/.xmodmap<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>keycode  48 = Delete quotedbl apostrophe quotedbl\nkeycode 119 = apostrophe NoSymbol Delete<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"example_3_interchange_slash_and_up\">Example 3: Interchange slash and up<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Xmodmap output when there is no remapping:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>&#91;ajay@lenovo ~]$ xmodmap -pke | grep -Ei 'slash|up'\nkeycode  51 = backslash bar backslash bar\nkeycode  61 = slash question slash question\nkeycode  66 = Super_L NoSymbol Super_L\nkeycode  80 = KP_Up KP_8 KP_Up KP_8\nkeycode 111 = Up NoSymbol Up\nkeycode 133 = Super_L NoSymbol Super_L\nkeycode 134 = Super_R NoSymbol Super_R\nkeycode 151 = XF86WakeUp NoSymbol XF86WakeUp\nkeycode 185 = XF86ScrollUp NoSymbol XF86ScrollUp\nkeycode 206 = NoSymbol Super_L NoSymbol Super_L\nkeycode 233 = XF86MonBrightnessUp NoSymbol XF86MonBrightnessUp\nkeycode 238 = XF86KbdBrightnessUp NoSymbol XF86KbdBrightnessUp<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note<\/strong>: Instead of <code><a href=\"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/grep-command-in-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">grep<\/a><\/code>, you can also use <code>fzf<\/code> which is more convenient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>~\/.xmodmap<\/code> mapping:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>keycode 61 = Up NoSymbol Up\nkeycode 111 = slash question slash question<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"example_4_interchange_left_and_alt_r\">Example 4: Interchange Left and Alt_R<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Before the remapping,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>keycode 108 = Alt_R Meta_R Alt_R Meta_R\nkeycode 113 = Left NoSymbol Left <\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Use the following in your file <code>~\/.xmodmap<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>clear mod1\nkeycode 108 = Left NoSymbol Left \nkeycode 113 = Alt_R Meta_R Alt_R Meta_R\nadd mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R Meta_L<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, When I interchange only the first column, pressing 108 key for longer time does not work. So, I am interchanging everything between 108 and 113.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"example_5_interchange_super_r_and_down\">Example 5: Interchange Super_R and Down<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>clear mod4\nkeycode 134 = Down NoSymbol Down\nkeycode 116 = Super_R NoSymbol Super_R \nadd mod4 = Super_L Super_R Super_L Hyper_L<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>When I interchange only the first column, pressing the 134 key for a longer time does not work. So, I am interchanging everything between 134 and 116.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"example_6_interchange_right_and_menu\">Example 6: Interchange Right and Menu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>keycode 135 = Right NoSymbol Menu\nkeycode 114 = Menu NoSymbol Right<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, I am swapping only the first column.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"example_7_interchange_altgr_and_menu_useful_for_thinkpad_laptops\">Example 7: Interchange AltGr and Menu (useful for Thinkpad laptops)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Thinkpad laptops do not have a Menu key, so use the following lines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>clear mod1\nkeycode 108 = Menu NoSymbol Menu\nadd mod1 = Alt_L Alt_L Meta_L<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"example_8_interchange_control_r_and_super_r\">Example 8: Interchange Control_R and Super_R<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>clear control\nclear mod4\nkeycode 105 = Super_R NoSymbol Super_R \nadd control = Control_L Control_R\nadd mod4 = Super_L Super_R Super_L Hyper_L<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There is another similar program called Xcape. It allows you to use a modifier key as another key when pressed and released on its own. I recommend you to use Xmodmap with this. I currently have mapped Capslock with Super key (Mod4) when it is pressed with some other key and as Escape when it is pressed alone. <a href=\"https:\/\/smarttech101.com\/modifier-keys-to-act-as-other-keys-when-pressed-alone-using-xcape\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Look at my article on xcape over here to learn more<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>xmodmap is a tool used to remap any key on your keyboard specially Control, Escape, and, Capslock. It is also useful for laptops.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2021,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[18],"class_list":["post-2017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-linux-desktop-tools","tag-command-line-tools"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Xmodmap: Remap any key using xmodmap | SmartTech101<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Xmodmap is a tool used to remap any key on your keyboard especially Control, Escape, and, Capslock. 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